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Cite correctly

Always state in your text what sources you have used. When quoting directly or paraphrasing someone else's ideas or text in your own words, indicate the source you are using.

Write down the sources you use right away. Nothing is more strenuous than hunting for used sources afterwards, when the work should already be finished. If references are not marked immediately, the risk of plagiarism increases when there is a risk of having passages in the text that do not have a reference. Using a reference manager is highly recommended. They will be discussed in more detail later.

Marking sources is one of the basics of scientific writing. By referencing, you tell what has been adapted from the source, i.e. told in your own words:

One-third of higher education students experience a lot of stress (Kunttu, Pesonen & Saari, 2017, 42).

and what is a direct quote:

”According to the mental health screen (Question 21), 33% of all students (32% for men and 34% for women) experienced considerable stress." (Kunttu, Pesonen & Saari, 2017, 42).

In direct quotation, the text is copied as it is and quotation marks are put around the quote. After the quote comes the reference. Direct quotations, or citations, are mainly only used to highlight how the point is expressed in the original text. A direct quote may be appropriate, for example, if what is important for interpretation is how the matter is said in the source. The quotation must not be presented in such a way as to distort the original meaning. The direct quotation shall not be unnecessarily long or too short for the purpose. A quote may be too short, for example, if the quote gives a misleading impression of the original text.

Referencing sources in the text and the bibliography

The reference in the text provides information on the basis of which the source can be found in the bibliography.

• As a general rule, the reference should mention the author(s), year of publication and page number(s).
• It is not necessary to mention the page number if reference is made to the entire work.
• The reference can be either an in-text reference or a footnote or an endnote, depending on the practices of the discipline.
• Depending on the reference style, an in-text reference may look like this (Mäkinen 2018, 49) or (Mäkinen 2018: 49) or (Mäkinen 2018, p. 49)
• If the author is mentioned in the text, only the year and page number is put in parentheses: Virtanen (2019) and Puronen (2021) also state...

Source:

The bibliography provides information that makes it possible to find the source used. The bibliography must be sufficiently precise to enable the reader to unambiguously identify the source used.

• The bibliography contains all the sources you've used, i.e. the sources you've cited. The bibliography does not include sources that you have not used.
• What information is told about the source depends on the type of publication: whether it is an article, a book or a book article. The reference style also plays a role.
• For example, for a journal article, the author, year of publication, the name of the article, the name of the journal, the volume and issue of the journal, page numbers, and often also the DOI address, are usually indicated.
• Article in bibliography in APA style:

Boyd, N. M., & Nowell, B. (2020). Sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and public service motivation: A simultaneous test of affective states on employee well-being and engagement in a public service work context. Public Management Review, 22(7), 1024–1050.

The same principles apply to sources both online and on paper

• When citing online journal articles, you do not need add "accessed 27 June 2022" or such to the bibliography. An article is an article, whether it is published in a paper journal or in an online journal. Most scientific journals appear only online, and the content of the article does not change after publication.
• If, on the other hand, you refer to a web page whose content is updated and changing, then the date you accessed it might need to be stated, depending on the citation style.
• DOI or URN is usually mentioned for sources available online. DOI and URN are persistent identifiers. Articles usually have a DOI ID.

What does in your own words mean?

Simply changing a few words or changing the sentence order slightly is usually not enough to tell something in your own words. For example, you can summarize, compare with another source, or present the issue from a slightly different perspective. Example:

Original text

“In sum, rather than stimuli in isolation, enactions must contextualized. Adopting this perspective presents nevertheless a significant challenge, as including contextual factors surely complicates the design, execution, and interpretation of experimental research. But this is the price to pay for a more biologically and ecologically founded approach to the brain as a cognitive organ.” (Villarroya 2024, 141-142)
 

In your own words

According to Villarroya (2024, 141-142) cognitive neuroscience must shift the focus to studying “enactions” in their context, even if this requires more complex and laborious experiments. He sees this as the only way ground the research in real-life cognitive phenomena.

Original source vs. second-hand source

Always cite the original source if possible. However, sometimes the original source is not available, but you have another source of interest that cites the original source. The second-hand source is the secondary source, and the original source is the primary source. If you're referring to a secondary source, state that the passage you're using is based on another source. Usually, only the text that you yourself read is put in the bibliography.

• In their interview (Jones 1992) J. Hetfield stated that nothing else matters - -
• According to Trizio (2020, 110), Husserl (1913/1976) believes that - -
• “Thing and property, cause and effect, matter and energy, being and appearance, to come into existence and to decay, unity and multiplicity, space and time, etc.” (Husserl 1902/2001, as cited in Trizio 2020, 50).

In these examples, Jones 1992 and Trizio 2020 would be included in the bibliography.

Books: edition and publisher

• When referring to a book, the edition is usually stated. Refer to the edition you are reading. There may be differences between different editions.
• In the bibliography, state the publisher of the book. Information about the publisher can be found on the first pages of the book. Note that a publisher is different from a printing location. If you are unsure, you can, for example, look at the book's information in JYKDOK. When you use a reference manager, you can get this and other source information automatically without having to ponder about it yourself.

How do I cite when...

I am citing several sources at the same time?

• You can cite several sources at once, for example, by separating the sources with a semicolon: (Leino 2018, 13; Mäkinen 2012, 30.) (Corbin, 2015; James & Waterson, 2017; Smith et al., 2016)

there is more than one author?

• Hirsjärvi, Remes and Sajavaara (2004) state
• (Hirsjärvi, Remes & Sajavaara 2004)

there are several authors (depending on the style more than two or more than three)?

• You mention the first author, usually followed by "et al."
• Turner et al.
• Unless this would create the same citation for multiple sources. In that case, list as many authors as needed to avoid ambiguity.
• All authors are put in the bibliography. However, if there are more than 20 authors and the APA style is used, you list the first 19 authors and then... and the last author, eg.

Tobler, R., Rohrlach, A., Soubrier, J., Bover, P., Llamas, B., Tuke, J., Bean, N., Abdullah-Highfold, A., Agius, S., O’Donoghue, A., O’Loughlin, I., Sutton, P., Zilio, F., Walshe, K., Williams, A. N., Turney, C. S. M., Williams, M., Richards, S. M., Mitchell, R. J., … Cooper, A. (2017). Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia. Nature, 544(7649), 180–184.

Source:

there are several works by the same author from the same year?

• In this case, letters are used in the text and bibliography to distinguish between sources. (Lahtinen 2018a, 145.) (Lahtinen 2018b, 36.)

the information is general information

• A source entry and citation are not needed if the information is common knowledge, for example "Finland became independent in 1917". What things are considered common knowledge varies from discipline to discipline. If in doubt, it is better to find a source for the information.

Reference manager Zotero

Use a reference manager to get references and bibliography in your text in just a few clicks. If necessary, changing the reference style is easy and the information required for the reference is saved. JYU uses often which is freely available online.

In our trainings, you will learn how to use the Zotero reference management software.

The basic idea of the Zotero reference management program:

• Save sources to your Zotero account
• Import references to text via Zotero
• Create an automatic bibliography based on the sources you import
• More information about Zotero. 

There are also other programs for managing sources, some of which are free.