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Pasi Ihalainen is Professor of Comparative European History at the Ä¢¹½Ö±²¥, Finland, concentrating on the history of political discourse in the long term and from comparative and transnational perspectives. Currently, as an Academy of Finland Professor, he studies the history of representative democracy and especially tensions between parliament and the people between the eighteenth and twenty-first centuries, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse digitised parliamentary debates from nine Northwest European countries. His previous research topics include political pluralism, parliamentarism, nationalism and internationalism. Professor Ihalainen is a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.